The science behind
Brain Vital Signs

NeuroCatch® is built on decades of EEG and event-related potential (ERP) research. ERPs are the brain's electrical responses in the milliseconds after it hears a sound or word. These responses reflect how the brain notices, pays attention to, and makes sense of information.

The research behind   NeuroCatch®

The Research

Since the earliest evoked responses were reported in 1939, there are now over 170,000 published studies on the PubMed.gov database.

The NeuroCatch® platform measures three event-related potentials (ERPs) that are direct measures of cognitive function: N100, P300, and N400 responses, for which over 103,600 studies have been published.

Brain Vital Signs

Objective Neurophysiological Measures of Cognitive Performance in Elite Ice Hockey Players

Kirby ED, Jones K, Campbell N, Fickling SD, and D’Arcy RCN
2025
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine. 16 (January):15–24
https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S494589
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A retrospective, observational study of real-world clinical data from the Cognitive Function Development Therapy program

Kirby ED, Beyst B, Beyst J, Brodie SM and D’Arcy RCN
2024
Front. Hum. Neurosci. 18:1508815
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1508815
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An objective neurophysiological study of subconcussion in female and male high school student athletes

D’Arcy R. C. N., McCarthy D., Harrison D., Levenberg Z., Wan J., Hepburn A., Kirby E. D., Yardley T., Yamada-Bagg N., Fickling S. D., Munce T. A., Dodick D. W., Ahmad C., & Stein K. S.
2024
Scientific reports, 14(1), 28929
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80262-z
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Brain vital sign monitoring of sleep deprivation detects situational cognitive impairment

Jones KB, Frizzell T, Fickling SD, Pawlowski G, Brodie SM, Lakhani B, Venter J, D’Arcy RCN
2024
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1358551
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Brain vital signs as a quantitative measure of cognition: Methodological implementation in a care home environment

Ighalo J, Kirby ED, Song X, Fickling SD, Pawlowski G, Ghosh Hajra S, Liu CC, Menon C, Shah SA, Knoefel F, D’Arcy RCN
2024
Heliyon
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28982
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Mixed martial art athletes demonstrate different brain vital sign profiles compared to matched controls at baseline

Munce T.A., Fickling S.D., Nijjer S., Poel D.N., & D’Arcy R.C.N.
2024
Frontiers in Neurology, 15.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1438368
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Real world evidence of improved attention and cognition during physical therapy paired with neuromodulation: a brain vital signs study

Kirby ED, Jones CB, Fickling SD, Pawlowski G, Brodie SM, Boyd LA, Venter J, Moser N, Kalsi-Ryan S, Medvedev G and D’Arcy RCN
2023
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 17:1209480
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1209480
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A Practical and Accessible Measure of Brain Vital Signs: the NeuroCatch® Platform

D’Arcy, R.C.N., Campbell, N., Fickling S.
2022
NeuroCatch Inc.
TBD

Distant Sensor Prediction of Event-Related Potentials

Fickling, S.D., Bolinger, F., Pawlowski, G., Ghosh Hajra, S., Liu, C.C., Song, X., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2022
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 67(10), 2916 – 2924
doi: 10.1109/TBME.2020.2973617
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Objective neurophysiological markers of cognition after pediatric brain injury

Nayoung Kim, William D. Watson, Eric Caliendo, Sophie Nowak, Nicholas D. Schiff, Sudhin A. Shah, N. Jeremy Hill
2022
Neurology Clinical Practice
10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200066. (Independent Study)
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Brain Vital Signs in Elite Ice Hockey: Towards Characterizing Objective and Specific Neurophysiological Reference Values for Concussion Management

Carrick, F. R., Pagnacco, G., Azzolino, S. F., Hunfalvay, M., Oggero, E., Frizzell, T., Smith, C. J., Pawlowski, G., Campbell, N., Fickling, S. D., Lakhani, B., & D’Arcy, R.
2021
Frontiers in neuroscience, 15, 670563
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.670563
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Event Related Potential Signal Capture Can Be Enhanced through Dynamic SNR-Weighted Channel Pooling

Hajra, S. G., Liu, C. C., Fickling, S. D., Pawlowski, G. M., Song, X., & D’Arcy, R.
2021
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 21(21), 7258
https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217258
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Mitigating Long-Term COVID-19 Consequences on Brain Health

D’Arcy, R., Sandhu, J. K., Marshall, S., & Besemann, M.
2021
Frontiers in neurology, 12, 630986
https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.630986
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Subconcussive brain vital signs changes predict head-impact exposure in ice hockey players

Fickling, S. D., Smith, A. M., Stuart, M. J., Dodick, D. W., Farrell, K., Pender, S. C., & D’Arcy, R. C.
2021
Brain Communications, 3(2), fcab019
doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcab019
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Subconcussive changes in youth football players: Objective evidence using brain vital signs and instrumented accelerometers

Fickling, S.D., Poel, D.N., Dorman, J.C., D’Arcy, R.C.N., & Munce, T.A.
2021
Brain Communications, fcab286
https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcab286
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Brain vital signs detect information processing differences when neuromodulation is used during cognitive skills training

Smith, C., Lakhani, B., Livingstone, A., Fickling, S., Campbell, N., Tannouri, P., Danilov, Y., Sackier, J., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2020
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 14, 358.
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00358
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Brain vital signs detect concussion-related neurophysiological impairment in ice-hockey

Fickling, S.D., Smith, A.M., Pawlowski, G., Ghosh Hajra, S., Liu, C.C., Farrell, K., Jorgensen, J., Song, X., Stuart, M.J., D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2019
Brain, 142(2), 255-262. Editor’s Choice.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awy317
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Brain vital signs: Expanding from the auditory to visual modality

Pawlowski, G., Ghosh Hajra, S., Fickling, S., Liu, C.C., Song, X., Robinovitch, S., Doesburg, S.M., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2019
Frontiers in Neuroscience. 18;12:968.
doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00968
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Good data? The EEG quality index for automated assessment of signal quality

Fickling, S.D., Liu, C.C., Ghosh Hajra, S., Song, X., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2019
IEEE XPlore. 2019, 0219-0229.
doi: 10.1109/IEMCON.2019.8936246
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Proceedings from the Ice Hockey Summit III: Action on Concussion

Smith, A.N., Alford, P.A., Aubry, M., Benson, B., Black, A., Brooks, A., Burke, C., D’Arcy, R.C.N., Dodick, D., Eaves, M., Eickhoff, C., Erredge, K., Farrell, K., Finnoff, J., Fraser, D., Giza, C., Greenwald, R., Hanzel, M., Hoshizaki, B., Huston, J., Jorgenson, J., Joyner, M., Krause, D., LaVoi, N., Leaf, M., Leddy, J., Leopold, J., Margarucci, K., Margulies, S., Mihalik, J., Munce, T., Ouer, A., Podein, S., Prideaux, C., Roberts, W.O., Shen, F., Soma, D., Tabrum, M., Stuart, M.B., Wethe, J., Whitehead, J., Wiese-Bjornstal, D., & Stuart, M.J.
2019
Current Sport Medicine Reports, 18(1), 23-34.
doi: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000557
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Reply: P300 amplitudes after concussion are usually decreased not increased

Fickling, S.D., Smith, A.M., Pawlowski, G., Ghosh Hajra, S., Liu, C.C., Farrell, K., Jorgensen, J., Song, X., Stuart, M.J., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2019
Brain.142(7), e33
doi: 10.1093/brain/awz147
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Accessing knowledge of the ‘here and now’: A new technique for capturing electromagnetic markers of orientation processing

Ghosh Hajra, S., Liu, C.C., Song, X., Fickling, S.D., Cheung, T.P.L. & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2018
Journal of Neural Engineering, 16(1), 016008.
doi: 10.1088/1741-2552/aae91e
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Multimodal characterization of the semantic N400 response within a rapid evaluation brain vital sign framework

Ghosh Hajra, S., Liu, C.C., Song, X., Fickling, S.D., Cheung, T.P., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2018
Journal of Translational Medicine, 16(1),151.
doi: 10.1186/s12967-018-1527-2
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Developing Brain Vital Signs: Initial Framework for Monitoring Brain Function Changes Over Time

Ghosh-Hajra, S., Liu, C., Song, X., Fickling, S., Pawlowski, G., Jorgensen, J.K., Smith, A.M., Schnaider-Beeri, M., Van Den Broek, R., Rizzotti, R., Fisher, K., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2016
Frontiers of Neuroscience, Brain Imaging Methods. 10, 211.
doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00211
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Supporting Clinical ERP/EEG Literature

Investigating female versus male differences in white matter neuroplasticity associated with complex visuo-motor learning

Kirby, E. D., Andrushko, J. W., Rinat, S., D’Arcy, R. C. N., & Boyd, L. A.
2024
Scientific reports, 14(1), 5951
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56453-z

Imaging functional neuroplasticity in human white matter tracts

Frizzell, T. O., Phull, E., Khan, M., Song, X., Grajauskas, L. A., Gawryluk, J., & D’Arcy, R.
2022
 Brain structure & function, 227(1), 381–392.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-021-02407-4
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audiomath

Hill, N. J., Mooney, S., & Prusky, G. T.
2021
A neuroscientist’s sound toolkit. Heliyon, 7(2), e06236.
doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06236
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The Pupillary Light Reflex as a Biomarker of Concussion

Carrick, F. R., Azzolino, S. F., Hunfalvay, M., Pagnacco, G., Oggero, E., D’Arcy, R., Abdulrahman, M., & Sugaya, K.
2021
Life (Basel, Switzerland), 11(10), 1104.
https://doi.org/10.3390/life11101104
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Differential neural processing of spontaneous blinking under visual and auditory sensory environments: An EEG investigation of blink-related oscillations

Liu, C.C., Ghosh Hajra, S., Pawlowski, G., Fickling, S.D., Song, X., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2020
NeuroImage. 218, 116879
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116879

Portable neuromodulation induces neuroplasticity to re-activate motor function recovery from brain injury: a high-density MEG case study

D’Arcy, R. C. N., Greene, T., Greene, D., Frehlick, Z., Fickling, S. D., Campbell, N., Etheridge, T., Smith, C., Bollinger, F., Danilov, Y., Livingstone, A., Tannouri, P., Martin, P., & Lakhani, B.
2020
Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 17(1), 158.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-020-00772-5

The Feasibility of Longitudinal Upper Extremity Motor Function Assessment Using EEG

Zhang, X., D’Arcy, R.C.N., Ming, D., & Menon, C.
2020
TBD
https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195487

Cognitive loading via mental arithmetic modulates effects of blink-related oscillations on precuneus and ventral attention network regions

Liu, C.C., Ghosh Hajra, S., Song, X., Doesburg, S., Cheung, T.P.L., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2019
Human Brain Mapping, 40(2), 377-393
https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24378

Electrophysiology of inhibitory control in the context of emotion processing in children with autism spectrum disorder

Magnuson, J.R., Peatfield, N.A., Fickling, S., Nunes, A.S., Christie, G., Vakorin, V., D’Arcy, R.C.N., Ribary, U., Iarocci, G., Moreno, S., & Doesburg, S.M.
2019
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 12,13:78
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00078

Human translingual neurostimulation alters resting brain activity in high-density EEG

Frehlick, Z., Lakhani, B., Fickling, S., Livingstone, A., Danilov, Y., Sackier, J., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2019
Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 16(1), 60
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-019-0538-4

Novel signal processing technique for capture and isolation of blink-related oscillations using a low-density electrode array for bedside evaluation of consciousness

Liu, C.C., Ghosh Hajra, S., Fickling, S.D., Pawlowski, G., Song, X., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2019
EEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. Epub ahead of print. 67(2), 453-463
https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2019.2915185

Scoring upper-extremity motor function from EEG using artificial intelligence

Zhang, X., D’Arcy, R.C.N., Menon, C.
2019
Journal of Neural Engineering. 16 (3), 036013
https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ab0b82

Point-of-care brain injury evaluation of conscious awareness: Wide scale deployment of portable HCS EEG evaluation

Fleck-Prediger, C., Ghosh Hajra, S., Liu, C.C., Gray, S., Petley, L., Weaver, D.F., Gopinath, S., Yee, E., Dick, B.D., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2018
Neuroscience of Consciousness. 2018(1)
https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niy011

Spontaneous blinks activate the precuneus: Characterizing blink-related oscillations using magnetoencephalography

Liu, C.C.; Ghosh Hajra, S., Cheung, T.P., Song, X., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2017
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 11, 489
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00489

Long-Term Motor Recovery After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Beyond Established Limits

D’Arcy, R.C.N., Lindsay, D.S., Song, X., Gawryluk, J.R., Greene, D., Mayo, C., Ghosh Hajra, S., Mandziuk, L., Mathieson, J., & Greene T.
2016
Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 31(5), E50-8
https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000185

A rapid event-related potential (ERP) method for point-of-care evaluation of brain function: using ERPs: Development of the Halifax Consciousness Scanner

Sculthorpe-Petley, L., Liu, C., Ghosh-Hajra, S., Boshra, R., Satel, J., Trappenberg, T.P., D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2015
Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 245, 64-72
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.02.008

Detection of event-related potentials in individual subjects using support vector machines

Parvar, H., R., Sculthorpe-Petley, L., Satel, J., Boshra, D’Arcy, R.C.N., Trappenberg, T.P.
2015
Brain Informatics. 2 (1), 1-12
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40708-014-0006-7

Towards brain first-aid: A diagnostic device for conscious awareness

D’Arcy, R.C.N., Ghosh-Hajra, S., Liu, C., Sculthorpe, L., & Weaver, D.F.
2011
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 58(3), 750-4.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2010.2090880

Event-related brain potentials as a measure of performance on WISC-III and WAIS-R NI Similarities sub-tests

Connolly, J.F., Marchand, Y., Major, A., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2006
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 28(8), 1327-1345
https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390500428484

The influences of increased working memory load on semantic neural systems: A high-resolution event-related brain potential study

D’Arcy, R.C.N., Service, E., Connolly, J.F., & Hawco, C.S.
2005
Cognitive Brain Research. 22 (2), 177-191
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.08.007

Separating phonological and semantic processing in auditory sentence processing: A high-resolution event-related brain potential study

D’Arcy, R.C.N., Connolly, J.F., Service, E., Hawco, C.S., & Houlihan, M.E.
2004
Human Brain Mapping. 22 (1), 40-51
https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20008

Electrophysiological assessment of language function following stroke

D’Arcy, R.C.N., Marchand, Y., Eskes, G.A., Harrison, E.R, Major, A., Phillips, S.J., & Connolly, J.F.
2003
Clinical Neurophysiology. 114 (4), 662-672
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00007-5

Linking neurophysiological and neuropsychological measures for aphasia assessment

Marchand, Y., D’Arcy, R.C.N., & Connolly, J.F.
2002
Clinical Neurophysiology. 113(11), 1715-22
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00224-9

Phonological aspects of word recognition as revealed by high-resolution spatio-temporal brain mapping

Connolly, J.F., Service, E., D’Arcy, R.C.N., Kujala, A., & Alho, A.
2001
NeuroReport, 12(2), 237-43
https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200102120-00012

Evaluation of reading comprehension with neuropsychological and event-related brain potential (ERP) methods

D’Arcy, R.C.N., Connolly, J.F., & Eskes, G.A.
2000
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 6(5), 556-67
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617700655054

Innovations in neuropsychological assessment using event-related brain potentials

Connolly, J.F., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
2000
International Journal of Psychophysiology. 37(1), 31-47
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00093-3

Latency shifts in the N2b component track phonological deviations in spoken words

D’Arcy, R.C.N., Connolly, J.F., & Crocker, S.F.
2000
Clinical Neurophysiology. 111(1), 40-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00210-2

The application of cognitive event-related brain potentials in language-impaired individuals: Review and case studies

Connolly, J.F., D’Arcy, R.C.N., Newman R.L. & Kemps, R.
2000
International Journal of Psychophysiology. 38(1), 55-70
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00130-6

An event-related brain potential study of receptive speech comprehension using a modified Token Test

D’Arcy, R.C.N., & Connolly, J.F.
1999
Neuropsychologia. 37(13), 1477-1489.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00057-3

Performance on WISC-III and WAIS-R NI vocabulary subtests assessed with event-related brain potentials: An innovative method of assessment

Connolly, J.F., Major, A.M., Allen, S.L., & D’Arcy, R.C.N.
1999
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 21(4), 444-464
https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.21.4.444.879

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